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Can Kosovo change the international agreement on Special Region through just one law?

The Kosovo Assembly approved amendments to the Law on Specialist Chambers and the Specialist Prosecutor’s Office on October 6. The following day, the European Union expressed “deep concern” and said that the amendments conflict with Kosovo’s international obligations to the EU.
The Democratic Party of Kosovo, which proposed these changes, said that this is not true because they are not seeking the dissolution of the Special Court and that "Kosovo remains faithful to the obligations it has taken on to investigate allegations of organ trafficking."
The Vetevendosje-led government has not commented on the REL's statement. However, during the approval, Prime Minister Albin Kurti himself described the proposed changes as "hasty."
But, if changes through a domestic law conflict with an international agreement, can that agreement be changed?
Although the Assembly has the competence and mandate to adopt and amend laws, amending Kosovo law does not mean that the international agreement to which the relevant law is related is automatically amended.
According to Besfort Rrecaj, professor of international law at the Faculty of Law of the University of Pristina, the Kosovo-EU agreement on the Specialist Chambers is an international legal instrument and, as such, can be amended, but only "with the consent of the parties."
For this reason, according to him, Kosovo should first seek agreement with the EU on the changes.
"Kosovo can and should propose opening negotiations with the EU to amend the agreement, adapting it to the new changes," Rrecaj tells Radio Free Europe.
He emphasizes that any changes must preserve the independence of the judiciary and the integrity of judicial processes.
Who can challenge the law and which court has jurisdiction?
Any law adopted by the Assembly may be challenged before the Constitutional Court for constitutionality by the President, the Government, the Ombudsman, or the Assembly, while 10 or more deputies may object to it within eight days of its adoption.
However, in the case of amendments approved for the Law on Special, there is a separate procedure.
Point 3 of Article 162 of the Constitution stipulates that the Specialized Chamber of the Constitutional Court, composed of international judges, has exclusive jurisdiction over constitutional referrals related to the Specialized Chambers and the Specialized Prosecutor's Office.
Ndryshimet e miratuara nga Kuvendi synojnë pikërisht ta ndryshojnë këtë rregull përmes ligjit vendor, duke ia hequr Dhomës Kushtetuese në Hagë kompetencën për të shqyrtuar kushtetutshmërinë e ligjit për Specialen e duke e kaluar këtë përgjegjësi të Gjykata Kushtetuese e Kosovës.
Por, Kushteteta përcakton se marrëveshjet ndërkombëtare të ratifikuara dhe normat juridikisht të detyrueshme të së drejtës ndërkombëtare kanë përparësi ndaj ligjeve të Kosovës.
Në fund të vitit 2015, për shembull, Gjykata Kushtetuese kishte kërkuar që Asociacioni i komunave me shumicë serbe të themelohej ashtu siç ishte paraparë me Marrëveshjen e Brukselit të vitit 2013, megjithëse kishte konstatuar se ajo “nuk ishte tërësisht në përputhje” me Kushtetutën. Kjo pasi që ishte konstatuar se, pas ratifikimit të marrëveshjes, “themelimi i Asociacionit është bërë pjesë e sistemit të brendshëm juridik”.
Për këtë arsye, profesori i së drejtës ndërkombëtare, Rrecaj, sqaron se nëse ligji i ri bie ndesh me marrëveshjen ndërkombëtare me BE-në, ai ligj vendor nuk mund të përdoret për ta tejkaluar marrëveshjen.
“Sipas jurisprudencës së Gjykatës Kushtetuese, marrëveshjet ndërkombëtare të ratifikuara kanë përparësi ndaj ligjeve të Kosovës. Gjithashtu, Kushtetuta e Kosoves u jep përparësi marrëveshjeve ndërkombëtare edhe ndaj dispozitave të saj”, sqaron Rrecaj.
Si u refuzuan ndryshimet për Specialen në vitin 2020?
Një rast i ngjashëm kishte ndodhur në vitin 2020, kur presidenti i atëhershëm, Hashim Thaçi, propozoi ndryshimin e nenit 162 të Kushtetutës, që përcakton mandatin e Dhomave të Specializuara dhe Zyrës së Prokurorit të Specializuar.
Ai kërkonte:
ta ndryshonte paragrafin 13, në mënyrë që të thuhej drejtpërdrejt se mandati vazhdon deri kur Këshilli i BE-së të njoftojë për përfundimin e tij, në konsultim me Qeverinë e Kosovës;
dhe ta fshinte krejt paragrafin 14, që e lidhte vazhdimin e mandatit me Shkëmbimin e Letrave të vitit 2014.
Propozimet u dërguan për vlerësim paraprak në Dhomën Kushtetuese të Speciales në Hagë nga kryetarja e atëhershme e Kuvendit, Vjosa Osmani. Më 26 nëntor 2020, Dhoma vendosi se amendamentet do t’i pakësonin të drejtat dhe liritë themelore të garantuara me Kushtetutë dhe, për këtë arsye, nuk mund të miratoheshin.
Në aktgjykim, Dhoma i kushtoi vëmendje të veçantë edhe faktit se Kosova nuk ishte konsultuar paraprakisht me autoritetet përkatëse të BE-së.
Dhoma e quajti mungesën e konsultimeve “mangësi procedurale”, por sqaroi se vendimi i saj nuk bazohej vetëm në këtë çështje. Megjithatë, ajo konstatoi se detyrimi për konsultim ishte pjesë e kërkesave kushtetuese dhe ishte relevant për procesin legjislativ në Kosovë.
Nga rrjedh detyrimi për konsultim?
Detyrimi për konsultim me BE-në lidhet me mënyrën se si u krijua korniza juridike e Dhomave të Specializuara.
The process began after a 2011 report by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, which contained allegations of serious crimes during and after the war in Kosovo. Following this report, the EU established a Special Investigative Task Force to investigate these allegations.
In 2014, the then-President of Kosovo, Atifete Jahjaga, and the EU High Representative, Catherine Ashton, exchanged letters on how cases would be handled if investigations led to indictments and trials.
Through this Exchange of Letters, Kosovo pledged to create specialized chambers and a specialized prosecutor's office, while it was envisaged that sensitive procedures would be conducted outside of Kosovo.
The document also provided for consultation with relevant EU authorities when amending laws that would affect these procedures.
The Assembly ratified the Exchange of Letters on 23 April 2014, giving it the status of an international agreement between Kosovo and the EU.
Then, on August 3, 2015, the Assembly approved the constitutional amendment that created Article 162 of the Constitution, as well as the Law on Specialist Chambers and the Specialist Prosecutor's Office.
Now, the lack of clarity on how the Government will implement the new law in relation to these international obligations leaves open the question of its legal effect in practice./ REL
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